#participant-observation

Conduct ethnographic fieldwork using systematic observation. Preparation: 1. Gain access through gatekeepers, obtain necessary permissions. 2. Build rapport gradually, explain researcher role and boundaries. 3. Develop observation protocol: what to observe, when, how to record. Data collection: 1. Participant observation: balance participation with observation. 2. Field notes: descriptive (what happened) and reflective (interpretations, feelings). 3. Reflexivity: acknowledge researcher influence on setting. 4. Multi-sited ethnography: compare across multiple locations. Recording methods: 1. Jottings during observation, expanded notes immediately after. 2. Audio/video recording with permission, transcribe key segments. 3. Photography of setting and artifacts (with consent). Analysis: constant comparison, identify patterns and cultural themes, member checking with participants. Ethical considerations: ongoing consent, protect participant anonymity, consider harm from publication. Typical duration: 6-24 months for deep cultural understanding.