#multi-cloud

Design and implement multi-cloud architecture for vendor independence, geographic distribution, and improved reliability. Multi-cloud benefits: 1. Vendor independence: avoid lock-in, negotiate better pricing, access best-of-breed services. 2. Geographic coverage: global presence, data sovereignty compliance, disaster recovery across regions. 3. Cost optimization: spot instances, reserved capacity across providers, workload placement. Architecture patterns: 1. Active-active: traffic distribution across clouds, data synchronization, consistent user experience. 2. Active-passive: primary cloud with failover capability, automated disaster recovery. 3. Hybrid: on-premises integration, cloud bursting for peak loads, gradual migration strategies. Cloud-agnostic tooling: 1. Terraform: multi-provider infrastructure as code, consistent deployment patterns. 2. Kubernetes: container orchestration across clouds, workload portability, unified management. 3. Service mesh: cross-cloud networking, security policies, traffic management. Data management: 1. Data replication: real-time sync, conflict resolution, consistency models (eventual consistency). 2. Database strategies: read replicas across regions, sharding, multi-master configurations. 3. Backup strategies: cross-cloud backup storage, geo-redundancy, compliance requirements. Networking: 1. VPN connectivity: site-to-site VPN, dedicated connections (AWS Direct Connect, Azure ExpressRoute). 2. Load balancing: global DNS-based routing, health checks, failover automation. Monitoring: unified observability across clouds, cost tracking, performance comparison, vendor-specific metrics normalization for consistent reporting and alerting.