Survey design and validation methodology

Create reliable and valid survey instruments. Design process: 1. Literature review to identify existing validated scales. 2. Define constructs clearly, create item pool (3-5 items per construct). 3. Expert review panel (5-7 subject matter experts) for content validity. 4. Pilot testing with 30-50 participants for clarity and comprehension. 5. Main validation study (minimum 10 participants per item, 200+ total). Analysis: 1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify factor structure. 2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test model fit (CFI > 0.95, RMSEA < 0.08). 3. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α > 0.70). 4. Test-retest reliability over 2-week period (r > 0.80). 5. Discriminant and convergent validity testing. Use software: R lavaan, SPSS, or Mplus.