#shap

Implement model interpretability and explainable AI techniques for understanding machine learning model decisions and building trust. Interpretability types: 1. Global interpretability: overall model behavior, feature importance, decision boundary visualization. 2. Local interpretability: individual prediction explanations, instance-specific feature contributions. 3. Post-hoc interpretability: model-agnostic explanations, surrogate models, perturbation-based methods. LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations): 1. Perturbation strategy: modify input features, observe prediction changes, local linear approximation. 2. Instance selection: neighborhood definition, sampling strategy, interpretable representation. 3. Explanation generation: simple model fitting, feature importance scores, visualization. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations): 1. Game theory foundation: Shapley values, fair attribution, additive feature importance. 2. SHAP variants: TreeSHAP for tree models, KernelSHAP (model-agnostic), DeepSHAP for neural networks. 3. Visualization: waterfall plots, beeswarm plots, force plots, summary plots. Attention mechanisms: 1. Self-attention: transformer attention weights, token importance visualization. 2. Visual attention: CNN attention maps, grad-CAM, saliency maps for image models. 3. Attention interpretation: head analysis, layer-wise attention, attention rollout. Feature importance methods: 1. Permutation importance: feature shuffling, prediction degradation measurement, model-agnostic. 2. Integrated gradients: path integration, gradient-based attribution, baseline selection. 3. Ablation studies: feature removal, systematic evaluation, causal analysis. Model-specific interpretability: decision trees (rule extraction), linear models (coefficient analysis), ensemble methods (feature voting), deep learning (layer analysis), evaluation metrics for explanation quality and user trust assessment.